Essay 18

The federal bureaucracy as part of the executive branch exercises substantial independence in implementing governmental policies and programs.  Most workers in the federal bureaucracy are civil-service employees who are organized under a merit system.  The merit system hires based on testing or promotion based on merit or experience.  The structure of the federal bureaucracy contributes to bureaucratic independence through its larger specialized units and independent agencies.  The complexity of public policy problems contributes through delegated authority and discretionary authority.
Congress can pass legislation affecting the bureaucracy and can reward or punish agency.  The courts can declare bureaucratic actions unconstitutional and can limit their practices through court ruling.  Interest groups use the first amendment for lobbying, protests, speeches and media use, as well as litigation.
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